Essay --

A Feminist Approach to Susan Glaspell’s â€Å"Trifles† The approach being used for Susan Glaspell’s play is feminist criticism. Glaspell’s play was written in 1916. In the 1900s women were expected to stay home, clean, cook, and take care of the family. Men were the providers of the household, smarter, and in control. Today women are more independent. They are running businesses and taking on more masculine jobs such as, firefighters and police officers. Women are even working and raising families. In some households the wife works while the husband stays home. A woman can do a man’s job and maybe sometimes better. Linda Napikoski explains, â€Å"Feminist criticism is the analysis that arises from the viewpoint of feminism, feminist theory and/or feminist politics. Feminist literary criticism suggest that women in literature were historically presented as objects seen from a male perspective. Feminist literary criticism actively supports including women’s knowledge in literature and valuing women’s experience. It has since intertwined with postmodernism and increasingly complex question of gender and social roles.† â€Å"Trifles was based on true events. In 1900, a man named John Hossack was murdered with an ax while he slept. His wife, Margaret claims to have slept through the murder. The Jury did not believe her story and found her guilty of murder. Susan Glaspell, who was a journalist with Des Moines Daily News, covered the trial for her newspaper. Even though she did not have any criminal justice background, Glaspell acted like a true detective. She investigated the murder by visiting the farmhouse where Hossack and his wife Margaret lived. She also interviewed attorneys and studied testimonies. Glaspell became very impressed with the st... ...what his life was like behind closed doors. He could have been abusive and angry towards his wife causing her to snap. â€Å"She – come to think of it, she was kind of like a bird herself – real sweet and pretty, but kind of timid and – fluttery. How – she – did – change† (1074). Mrs. Wright did change. She felt trapped in her marriage and she needed to escape. Her life was stolen from her. She strangled her husband and took his life. She probably felt that her life was already over and it wouldn’t matter if she were put in prison or not. Women might see things in a different light than men. They want to please the man in their life, but at the same time they want to be respected and seen as a human beings with feelings. Women today are stronger and more in charge and they don’t allow for a man to come into their life and destroy what they have built for themselves.

Project Sustainability

Executive summary This module is not a detailed study of all aspects of sustainability. The goal of this module is a general introduction into sustainability with a focus on the impact and the effect on projects  © University of Southern Queensland 2 MGT8021 – Project sustainability management throughout their life span. With this knowledge it should be possible for you to identify, understand and address the key issues related to definition and delivery of projects that adhere to current concepts of sustainability, and how to plan for the sustainment of those projects throughout their life span.The concept of sustainability is explored in terms of consumption of resources – this can apply to inputs that are required to the project ‘system’ in order to deliver the project outcomes, the processes by which the project is managed, and the nature of the outputs and their need for resources throughout their useful life span. A range of project sectors is consi dered in order to understand the different implications for each sector. Also, it must be remembered that sustainability works inside of a closed loop system.In all of your deliberations about sustainability and project management you must remember the need to maintain a systems approach. 1. 1 Sustainability issues in a project environment Sustainability is a term that evokes emotion in people about certain events or practices that affect our long term survival of ourselves and all other aspects of our planet. We need to be able to work through this emotion and focus on what is important in an objective and reflective way. By their very nature projects use and affect many resources throughout the life of the project.Some of these resources are consumed or adversely affected by the project. For example, if there was a project to build a new major airport, there would be many issues to consider, and the issue is can their resolution be sustained for the life of the airport? So, the qu estion we need to ask when addressing the project is ‘Can this project be sustained and for how long? ’ The resources required to sustain the project may be physical (natural resources) or they might simply be people (human resources). They could also include local resources as well as imported resources.As a result there are many dimensions of sustainability to consider in a project environment. In 1983 the United Nations World Commission on Environment and Development (WCED) convened under Gro Harlem Brundtland a commission to address the growing concern about the accelerating deterioration of the human environment and natural resources and the consequences of that deterioration for economic and social development. This became known as the Brundtland Commission. The Brundtland Commission defined sustainable development in its 1987 Report titled Our Common Future as:Sustainable development is development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the abil ity of future generations to meet their own needs (World Commission on Environment and Development 1987) A full copy of the report is available at http://www. un-documents. net/wced-ocf. htm There are other definitions but this one is often used as the baseline definition. The question that needs to be proactively addressed as we look at the resources required to construct and sustain a project, ‘will it be possible to sustain current and future resources? ’ There are two aspects of sustainability to a project.In the design and construction phases of the project, resources of all kinds are consumed. Similarly, during its operational life there is a need to  © University of Southern Queensland MGT8021 – Project sustainability management 3 provide resources so that the project can continue to operate profitably and efficiently throughout its life. This through life provision of resources is also known as the sustainment phase. This term is used by Defence, but it is also being used in the wider commercial areas. Blanchard (p. 350) provides a short description about sustaining system maintenance and support functions.But, to sustain these functions requires a capability to provide the range and depth of services for the expected life of the project, including extensions. We often think of project life in terms of years, but, more than likely, it will be decades or in the case of dams, centuries. So, it is important in terms of the project to understand the life of the project as well as the sustaining events for it. When dealing with terms that can have meanings depending upon the context of the situation as well as the potential for emotion, it is important to have a sound base on which to use the word, and to be able to defend its usage.A search of the Oxford English Dictionary shows that sustainability first appeared in the mid-1960s in a form that is consistent with contemporary usage. Its usage in the context of sustainable development is first referenced in 1972. So, it is a relatively new word. The On-Line Oxford English Dictionary defines sustainable development as follows: sustainable development n. (a) Econ. economic development which can be sustained in the long term; (b) Ecol. utilization and development of natural resources in ways which are compatible with the maintenance of these resources, and with the conservation of the environment, for future generations.When developing a project it is necessary to be able to determine the current and future needs of the project and the ability of the providers of the future to meet those needs. To carry out the sustainment work of maintenance will require facilities and workshops of different sources. Although these are technical designs, they are controlled by other factors such as planning laws. Therefore, to start developing a definition for sustainability we need to start by considering the wider meaning of sustainable development. Reading activity 1. 1 Selected reading 1. is the Sustainable Development Guidelines for the Brisbane City Council which is a large local government body in Queensland Australia (Brisbane City Council 2005). This reading will provide more indepth detail about sustainable development as required by a local government authority. On completion of this reading, carry out research to find out what your local government authority requires in terms of sustainable development. Compare the two approaches. Selected reading 1. 2 is a paper based on the work done by the Western Australia government on sustainability (Hartz-Karp & Newman 2006).Governments at all levels have an interest in sustainable development, and this paper describes the issues in setting up a sustainability program from first principles. After completing these readings, reflect on the wider issues of sustainability and the sustaining outcomes described by Blanchard. Can you identify the links between the different needs?  © University of Southern Queen sland 4 MGT8021 – Project sustainability management 1. 2 Reporting sustainability Given the diverse industries involved in projects, it would be difficult to have comparative and transparent reporting without some form of consistent process.This is achieved though the Global Reporting Initiativeâ„ ¢ (GRI) (Global Reporting Initiative 2008). The GRI is the world de facto standard on sustainability reporting. This is achieved though a set of guidelines, currently known as the G3. The purpose of these guidelines is for organizations to report their social, economic and environmental performance as routinely and with the same discipline as the financial reports. Many organizations routinely report on their sustainability credentials using the GRI G3 guidelines as the reporting standard.Reading activity 1. 2 Log onto www. globalreporting. org and familiarize yourself with the general content of the site. Read the G3 Guidelines to appreciate the range and depth of issues address ed in sustainability reporting. As can be seen from the G3 Guidelines, reporting imposes a significant workload on an organization. Also, as this is an important communication document for the organization, some industries can expect to have their sustainability report critically evaluated by groups within the community. Reading activity 1. 3Log onto websites for large organizations such as those suggested below and do internal searches for sustainability. Read these approaches and reports and see the extent to which this work is done. Now, if you were on a project within an organization such as this, with these reporting requirements, how would you approach this work? ? BHP Billiton at www. bhpbilliton. com ? Rio Tinto at www. riotinto. com ? Hydro Tasmania at www. hydro. com. au 1. 3 Sustainability impacts on management of projects Projects do not occur in a vacuum. They occur in a business environment that is closely monitored by many people.Many of these people have no direct in volvement on the project, but they are interested in it because of the way it could affect their lifestyle or the natural environment in some way. Traditionally, we talk about the shareholders of a project. Increasingly, business is being forced to consider Triple Bottom line (TBL) reporting. In this paradigm, shareholders are replaced by stakeholders. From a project management approach it is now necessary to make sure that a broader range of stakeholders than just shareholders is clearly identified. It is now  © University of Southern QueenslandMGT8021 – Project sustainability management 5 necessary to address the needs of stakeholders other than just shareholders, and these could be competing interests. Reading activity 1. 4 Read selected reading 1. 3 on sustainability in business (Dorf 2001). Consider the added requirements that emerging sustainability issues are placing on business. How do these issues get included in the overall budget for a project? As a project has a future life, it is not good enough to reinvent the past. It is necessary that you be able to consider future issues.These may be unclear early in the life of a project; but, you need to attempt to develop some idea of what sustainability issues will impact the future of the project. For example, a project might be a suburban rail system with an expected life of 40 years. How do you plan for appropriately trained people to maintain the system over the 40 years? One of the most critical aspects of through life project sustainability is obsolescence. The obsolescence could be in the form of parts, tools, facilities, or skills. At a higher level, obsolescence could be due to the technology or societal factors.An example is the demise of society’s acceptance of coal-fired power stations over the last few years. Obsolescence management is an important aspect of project management sustainability and requires good skills in understanding technology from all aspects. You need to be a ble to anticipate the changes that are likely to happen. This anticipation will usually rely upon reading about relevant and complementary topics as well as seeking specialized opinions. The reference list includes books that provide approaches to future issues and problems.Even though it may seem unrealistic at this time, carefully crafted future thinking may position your project far ahead of anything else at that time. The book Cradle to Cradle (McDonough & Braumgart 2002) is a good example of addressing the challenges we need to address. In the classic through-life approach we talk about ‘cradle to the grave’ to reflect that at the end of its useful life, equipment is disposed of in some way. In the ‘cradle to cradle’ concept the emphasis is on designing products and their packaging so that at the end of useful life they are regenerated, rather than just discarded thoughtlessly.Remaining Useful Life (RUL) is one of the measures of performance that is of ten used to asses an asset. This is usually calculated on classical economic bases to get the most profitable life out of an asset. However, it may be that other criteria included in the G3 or Triple Bottom Line reporting are the drivers of the Remaining Useful Life of the project. When considering the sustainability impact on projects it is necessary to take a systems view and think proactively about the through-life sustainability issues of a project.Just because the issue seems unrealistic at this time, does not mean that it could not turn into a significant problem to resolve in the future. That is, significant management problems may be created for the future.  © University of Southern Queensland 6 MGT8021 – Project sustainability management 1. 4 Sustainability considerations for project sectors In a practical sense, sustainability issues are driven by Environmental Impact Statements. There are two broad considerations: statutory and voluntary.In some projects (such as mining) there is a statutory requirement to perform an Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) and publish the findings in an Environmental Impact Statement (EIS). Don’t get caught up in the actual terms, as there is little consensus on what constitutes an EIA or an EIA. In most cases, it will be decided by the circumstances of the project. On other projects there may not be any statutory requirement; however, given the attitude of the community towards major projects, there may be a need for voluntary consideration of the issues addressed in Environmental Impact Statement requirements.It is not possible to identify all considerations for all sectors and table 1. 1 provides a summary of the key general considerations to be addressed. Table 1. 1: Environmental considerations by project sector Sector Considerations Aviation Air worthiness, passenger comfort, passenger safety, reputation Property Physical appearance, occupant safety, public safety Engineering Design strength, mai ntenance, maintenance support, integrity Infrastructure Service provision, public safety, extremely long life Software Media, programming skills, configuration, documentationQuite often there are numerous regulations that prescribe the issues to be considered for sustainability. This is achieved through environmental investigations into a particular project. The Wyaralong Dam is a new project to build a dam near Beaudesert, south of Brisbane in Queensland, Australia. This project requires an Environmental Impact Statement, the details of which are available at: http://www. deedi. qld. gov. au/cg/wyaralong-dam-project. html Log onto the URL above and skim through the scope of considerations for such a project. Now, log onto the URL below for a fact sheet on environmental impact statements: http://www. pa. qld. gov. au/register/p00320aa. pdf While at this site navigate to the various links to obtain a wider perspective of the considerations of the environmental impact statements. Focu s on the first three elements of this fact sheet.  © University of Southern Queensland MGT8021 – Project sustainability management 7 ? assess the potential adverse and beneficial environmental, economic, and social impacts of the project; ? provide information to the public about the project and its impacts; ? obtain input from the community and stakeholders about the project, its impacts and management;These three elements address the core considerations that need to be addressed to demonstrate the sustainability of the project. Although there are many elements listed in the fact sheet, it is realistic to assume that if these three elements are not done correctly the project will find progress difficult for a number of reasons not associated with the technical aspects of the project. A significant issue that faces global organizations is to ensure that the sustainability considerations for projects that are legal in one jurisdiction are not illegal in another jurisdiction. Many larger organizations have Codes of Practice or Codes of Conduct to assure an independent legal authority that the integrity of their processes is compliant. Assuring project sustainability in your sector may fall into this realm of compliance reporting. You will need to find out to ensure that this matter is addressed otherwise it poses a significant legal and financial risk to the organization. That is, how do the governance responsibilities and accountabilities drive the requirements for sustainability considerations in your sector?To consolidate your understanding of sustainability considerations you should explore the statutory and voluntary considerations for project sustainability in your local area. 1. 5 Draft a sustainability model for a project A model is the description of reality. However, as many different people will have a diverse perception of reality, it is often difficult in a consensus environment developing a model. The risk adverse approach is to adopt a mod el developed by another group and adapt or adopt it for the group’s purpose. Sometimes this will work and sometimes it will not.Even with these difficulties it is still beneficial to consider the elements of a sustainability model. Reading activity 1. 5 Selected reading 1. 4 is a report on a national sustainability initiative. Sustainability models can take many forms and have different starting points, and an example of this is the Australian National Sustainability Initiative (ANSI) (Australian National Biocentre Inc. 2004). Look at the cover photo. It shows the interface between urban and un-developed land, with a creek as the boundary. If you look at the creek you will notice that it is a series of water holes.Now, count how many swimming pools are located in the adjoining private residences. Can our water courses sustain private swimming pools? Read through this initiative and form your own views about whether this document offers a baseline as a suitable model for susta inability? If it does: how and why; if it does not: how and why not?  © University of Southern Queensland 8 MGT8021 – Project sustainability management The basic model for sustainability is based on the balance between economics, ecology and society. Dorf (2001) paragraph 2. 3 addresses this triple bottom line approach.Figure 1. 1 provides an approach to a general model for sustainability. Figure 1. 1: The interdependence of economics, ecology and society (Source: Dorf 2001, p. 43) In this model the three elements of triple bottom line accounting are divided into four main groups of corporation, cultural values, community, and person. These groups are further subdivided into twelve components to be considered. In your current or future experience you will come across models with more than 100 components. Dorf (2001, p. 51) lists ten principles of sustainable business practices.There practices were developed by the Coalition for Environmentally Responsible Economics (CERES). In these examples from Dorf we see approaches to models based on a relatively few components. In drafting a model it is suggested that you work with 10–12 components to keep it understandable. If there are too many components it will be difficult to maintain comprehension of what is being modeled and this will make it difficult to communicate your model. Key aspects will get lost in the minutia of the detail. The twelve points proposed in figure1. are analogous to the standard twelve points of the compass, and this makes it easy to present to a wider audience. Other approaches to a model include the G3 reporting framework (Global Reporting Initiative 2008). The G3 describes how sustainability should be reported and this makes it a model in its own right. But this is a very detailed approach and is probably better approached through a more general higher model such as in Figure 1. 1. When drafting a sustainability model it is necessary to collect as many approaches to a model as is possible and to make them as inclusive as possible.The key issue is to be able to find the balance for your project that is accepted by the wider stakeholders, and does not trivialize important issues. This might mean that you have to research many aspects of the project, other than its technical components in order to draft a good model. In the supplementary reading list are several titles that provide a range of views to consider when developing project management strategies and plans.  © University of Southern Queensland MGT8021 – Project sustainability management 9 In this module we look at sustainability as a separate issue.However, it must be seen as part of the quality management system of an organization. ISO9000 is a set of standards for quality management maintained by the International Organization for Standardization , and proposes figure 2. 1 as a model for the delivery of quality within an organization. Sustainability is part of the quality system and s hould not be treated separately from it or exclude it. In this context, the quality system should also include project management standards such as those in the Guide to the Project Management Body of Knowledge (PMBOK) (Project Management Institute 2004).Thus, the key drivers in the project are addressed through the one paradigm of quality. Figure 1. 2: Model of a process-based quality management system (Source: ISO9000 2006, p. 3) In the quality diagram shown in figure 1. 2, the various stakeholders are clearly identified as input customers who are imposing requirements on the system. In the product realization phase, (the project) the requirements come to life and treated as part of the continuously improving aspects of the quality management systems. For those who use Six Sigma processes in their organization, the same link is made.A model for sustainability should not be seen as a separate model, but inclusive of and derived for and from the quality management system. All of the sustainability issues and considerations that we have addressed can be addressed within the quality management system model. This is probably the most powerful model to represent the commitment of the organization to sustainability. Conclusions Projects are an important mechanism to deliver the goods and services of all types that we require for living. This also includes the delivery of goods and services in the aid of others or natural disasters. University of Southern Queensland 10 MGT8021 – Project sustainability management Projects do not exist in a vacuum and impact on all aspects of society, economy and resources. This is represented by the triple bottom line approach to accounting, and this puts projects beyond the classic economic theory decision processes. There is increasing pressure on organizations to deliver projects that are more than simply good profit to the shareholders. The current and increasing requirement emphasizes the need to ensure that the project a lso brings benefits to society as a whole.To be able to consider this wider systems approach, it is necessary to proactively adopt an approach to projects that places correct emphasis on components that affect the sustainability of the project. These components could be as economically obtuse as placing high value on areas of biodiversity as the more measurable of higher levels of Earnings Before Interest and Taxes (EBIT). Being able to successfully navigate through sustainability issues is an increasingly important skill of the project manager.

The Barriers Of Multicultural Teams - 1865 Words

1. Which of the four barriers for multicultural teams (or groups) have you experienced in the past? What strategies or interventions were used in response to these barriers? After considering the interventions suggested by Brett, Behfar, and Kern (2006), explain how you might change the strategy if you encounter the barrier(s) in the future and if so, why? If you have not personally experienced any of these barriers during your education or work history, research an example of a barrier from literature, explain the intervention used in that example, and your suggestions for overcoming the barrier in the future. The world consists of many different cultures and nationalities. International business is thriving and companies need to be†¦show more content†¦Other cultures tend to use an indirect form of communication where their true response is embedded in the presentation of the message. Accents and fluency problems also cause barriers as it is hard to understand someone with a thick accent or to speak with someone who has little knowledge and working use of a foreign language that another team member might use. The group member might have an idea of how to say something in their head but can’t find the words in another language to share the idea (Brett, Behfar, and Kern, 2006). Some individuals on the team might also want to be treated according to their status in the organization. â€Å"A challenge inherent in multicultural teammates is that by design, teams have a rather flat structure. Team members from some cultures, are uncomfortable on flat teams† (Brett, Behfar, and Kern, 2006, p. 124). It is important to recognize the hierarchy structure of the country and how their citizens handle conflict before conducting business with them. Lastly, different cultures have conflicting norms when it comes to decision making. Some cultures like to make decisions quickly while others want to think about the decision and analyze it before coming to a conclusion as far as action to take (Brett, Behfar, and Kern, 2006). There are four strategies, according to Brett,

Sparta Uncultured Discipline Essay examples - 1716 Words

Sparta: Uncultured Discipline nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;The Spartans were the most formidable warriors in all of history. They dedicated their entire lives to warfare. They were taught to endure cold, hunger, pain, their courage on the battlefield was second to none. The Spartan code was to fight hard, follow orders without question and to die rather then retreat or surrender. To achieve all this, Sparta sacrificed everything; the arts, culture, and other things that make life worth while. I believe the price was to high they went to far and shut off all that was creative and human in Sparta. A culture that cant change or adapt doesnt survive. This is exactly what happened , after a single major defeat in 360 B.C Sparta was no†¦show more content†¦50). nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;These wars were the turning point of Spartan history, nearly half a century of conflict had made the Spartans very warlike. It seemed to them if they ever relaxed their guard even a bit, the helots would rise again. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;The Spartans went to excessively great extremes in order to make sure this wouldnt happen. At age seven a boy would be taken from his family and given military training., his true home was his barracks, his family, his unit. They hardened their bodies with countless drills and savage games, they were taught to steal and live of off the land. A young soldier was whipped as punishment or to make him more resistant to pain. At age 20 he was finally allowed to marry but was still in military service. Only when he was 60 was he allowed to retire from the army (National Geographic Society, 1968, p. 178). nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;To a Spartan warrior surrender was unthinkable, even death was preferable. To flee a soldier had to throw down his heavy shield (which would slow him down), if he died he would be carried home, with honor, on his shield. For this reason Spartan mothers instructed their sons to return form a battle quot;with their shield or on themquot; (V.M Hillyer, E.G Huey, 1966, p. 27) nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;One of the functions of the Spartan system was to rid the state of weaklings. At birth each childShow MoreRelatedSparta A City Filled With Uncultured Discipline1219 Words   |  5 PagesSparta a city filled with uncultured discipline, a city that was filled with the most relentless warriors of all time, the Spartans. The Spartans dedicated their lives to combat and training. Spartan children were removed from the homes of their parents at the age of 7 to begin their training called agoge , which was a military style training regimen to craft and mold them into the warriors the once were. They were trained to endure the worst of elements and trained to overcome cold, hunger andRead MoreThings Fall Apart By Chinua Achebe1543 Words   |  7 Pageshis readers that the Ibo were civilized. Achebe writes about how it was a practice for Ibo women to leave twins in the Evil Forest to die. Many people saw this as uncivilized and barbaric, forgetting the fact that th eir own â€Å"civilized† ancestors in Sparta commonly killed children and ill-born babies who were not fit for their grueling and sometimes barbaric lifestyle. In addition to the fact that Achebe does not effectively show the Ibo were civilized, he shows that men in the clan could beat their

Essay on Race in Silkos Ceremony - 628 Words

Ceremony Throughout Ceremony, the author, Leslie Silko, displays the internal struggle that the American Indians faced at that time in history. She displays this struggle between good and evil in several parts of the book. One is the myth explaining the origin of the white man. As common in Indian cultures they create a myth to explain why the white people came to them. The author begins to show the Indians feeling of hopelessness by showing in the myth, on pages 132 - 138, that there was no way the Indians could stop the white people from destroying the Indian culture. â€Å"Entire tribes will die out, covered with jestered sores, shitting blood, vomiting blood.† (pg. 137) The myth says that the white people will cause chaos,†¦show more content†¦They believe this because to a certain point it is true. Many Indians do drink at bars but that is because they do not have much else to do because there is no good land to plant on and nothing to feed the cattle with. The w hite people had no respect for the Indians Even Tayo himself believes in part of the stereotype. Before he thought a white man would steal his cattle he thought that an Indian or a Mexican would have done it. He himself believed in the lies that the white man has started about the Native Americans. Although he finally realizes what they are a learns to hate them. The lies about the Indians just hide the lies about the white man and Tayo believes that the lies will destroy the white man. Because of all this prejudice and the living conditions of the Indians they feel hopeless that they can not do anything to better their lives. Beign war veterans does not help it only make them feel worse. All they do is drink to try to get away from all of it. In the end they end up destroying themselves. Because of all of the pain they were holding in. The only one of them who saw what was really happening was Tayo and he is the only one that makes it. In Conclusion the author, Leslie Silko, displa ys the poverty and hopelessness that the Native Americans faced because of the white man. The Author elaborates this feeling of hopelessness in the Indians myth explaining the origin of the white man. As a resultShow MoreRelatedAnalysis Of Leslie Marmon Silkos Ceremony1138 Words   |  5 PagesBeing mixed-race often involves issues relating to identity. It is especially challenging for Tayo, the protagonist of Leslie Marmon Silko’s Ceremony, because of his half-white and half-Native American identity. Ceremony takes place in the American Southwest during the early 20th century, where Tayo is looked down upon by both white and Laguna Indian society because of the taboo nature of racial mixing, as well as his refusal to fully embrace either group. The racial tensions between these two groupsRead MoreLeslie Marmon Silko Ceremony Analysis1180 Words   |  5 PagesIn Leslie Marmon Silko’s Ceremony, Tayo, the novel’s protagonist, describes the instance before his br other, Rocky, died by stating that â€Å"the wind swept down †¦ [and whipped] the rain into gray waves that blinded him† (11). The ability of the wind to blind Tayo demonstrates its powerful abilities to distort and individual’s perception. Furthermore, Rocky’s death is a moment that disturbs Tayo throughout the entirety of the novel and can be perceived as one of the main factors that caused his illnessRead More Ruth Benedict’s Ethnography of Pueblo Culture, Patterns of Culture, and Leslie Marmon Silko’s novel Ceremony2361 Words   |  10 Pages– Silko amp; Benedict As noted in the response by Janet Tallman, there are three main themes concerning Ruth Benedict’s ethnography of Pueblo culture, Patterns of Culture, and Leslie Marmon Silko’s novel Ceremony. Both detail the importance of matrilineage, harmony and balance versus change, and ceremonies to the Pueblo Indians. It is important to note that Silko gives the reader a first-hand perspective of this lifestyle (she was raised in the Laguna Pueblo Reservation), while Benedict’s book isRead MoreAnalysis Of Being A Half Breed By Leslie Marmon1849 Words   |  8 PagesLeslie Marmon Silko’s novel, Ceremony, reveals how the crossing of cultures was feared, ridiculed, and shunned in various Native American tribes. The fear of change is a common and overwhelming fear everyone faces at some point in their life. The fear of the unknown, the fear of letting go, and the fear of forgetting all play a part in why people struggle with change. In Ceremony the crossing of culture s creates â€Å"half-breeds,† usually bringing disgrace to their family’s name. In Jodi Lundgren’s discourseRead MoreLegacy of Leslie Marmon Silko Essay1404 Words   |  6 Pages(Hunter, 2006). Each tribe may have variations in style depending the particular tribe, however they all share common themes. The themes of the stories describe their passion to honor the earth, awareness of spiritual influences, the significance of ceremony and ritual traditions and the â€Å"the power to teach, heal and reflect† (PBS, 2004). The stories also include myth, healers and interconnect spiritual and practical issues (Hunter, 2006). They believe their storytelling tradition provides directionRead More Pocahontas and the Mythical Indian Woman Essay5406 Words   |  22 Pageshealers but while they keep their positions as saviors of men, Indian women are illustrated saving Indian men rather than white males. Whereas the Indian women previously saved white men from the savages of their own tribe, they are now saving their own race from the destruction of the white world. Native women healing sick Indian men recurs as a common theme throughout multiple Native novels. Furthermore, it is generally the men who are spiritually or mentally sick: few emotionally ill women are portrayedRead MoreWilliam Faulkner s The Sound And The Fury2036 Words   |  9 Pagesuneven literary landscape is emphasized through Ceremony by Leslie Marmon Silko and The Sound and the Fury by William Faulkner, as these authors merge two distinct novels into the same time period in which their co-existence should not be possible, but somehow is. As American literature evolves, the limitations that were once set upon authors disappear, ultimately creating an uneven literary landscape as seen through The Sound and the Fury and Ceremony. On one hand, Faulkner’s novel divulges the realityRead MoreThe Conscious Vs. Unconscious Theory1839 Words   |  8 Pagesslip into the forefront of our minds by hook and by crook† (70). Ceremony is a book written by Leslie Marmon Silko that is the story of Tayo, who is a veteran of the World War II. In this book, Silko tells a story of Tayo how he suffers from a battle fatigue, how he struggles with this fatigue and how he challenges his mixed-race role in the Native American society after returning from the Pacific war. With the help of a ceremony and Tayo’s strong mind that does not give up easily, he is able toRead MoreExploration of the Divergent Cultural Relationships with Land in Leslie Marmon Silkos Ceremony1778 Words   |  8 PagesExploration of the Divergent Cultural Relationships with Land in Leslie Marmon Silkos Ceremony In her novel, Ceremony, Leslie Marmon Silko uncovers the innumerable contrasts of the white ranchers and the Native Americans. The natives feel helpless as the whites spill themselves upon the contiguous hillsides and valleys. The commanding whites steal the land which had never before belonged to any single entity. Unable to retain their land, the Native Americans can only continue

Organizational Behaviour for Leadership- myassignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about theOrganizational Behaviour for Motivation andLeadership. Answer: Stereotype means a permanent idea of something or someone. Sometimes it's better to believe in stereotype than to enter into a relationship with someone without knowing their culture, ethics or even beliefs. Stereotyping people sometimes is good because this is what can be seen in a person on the first look. The Assumptions made about something or someone as being good and getting into contact with them is wrong since it can lead to diverse challenges. There are some merits which support the idea of relying on stereotype instead of getting into a relationship with someone without knowing their culture (Pinder, 2014). The various problems that affect the same stereotype are discussed in this essay. There are merits of stereotyping which can be useful to someone especially when one is in a new environment. For example, if someone gets married or visits a royal family, some of the assumption made is that the family always acts formally. This stereotyping helps one to respond with manners and be respectful whenever interacting with them (Miner, 2015). The second merit of stereotyping in a relationship is that it can help one to understand the culture and the ethics promptly. Stereotyping also helps to simplify our environments because it helps one to understand different people and define the category they belong. Thus, making it easy to understand and live with people. Stereotyping can also help in reducing conflict levels in circumstances where one relies on it to make correct assumptions about the peoples character and beliefs. Nevertheless, stereotyping also has its dark side. Various challenges are associated with stereotyping. Notably, stereotyping can be misguiding or sometimes end up being completely incorrect leading to an adverse judgment on someone. Going by the proverbial saying that does not judge a book by its cover since the outer look can deceive the reader about the content of the book. Stereotyping in connection to the proverb may lead to misjudgments of the people. This could negatively influence the relationship among the people developing into a broken society. Judging someone because of their culture or the ethics which they subscribe can be wrong at times because that does not necessarily mean that they believe in what their culture is perceived to believe (Bakker Schaufeli, 2008). A good illustration is a scenario where a given community has a cultural belief that the community should not take a specific type of food. Additionally, one should not listen to a particular kind of music; i t would be misleading to conclude that all the members of that community do not take the prohibited kind of food or say assume that all the community members do not listen to the culturally banned music. The appearance of someone or something does not depict their actual character since the person can be completely different from what they look. Organization behavior is the study of human behavior in organization settings which can be used positively to bring diverse people together and interact peacefully and live happily without judging others wrongly. There are theories of organizations that can be applied in the organizational setting. There are classical theories of management, neo-classical management theory and modern theories of management systems. The classical theory of management was founded by three people. Fredrick Taylor came up with scientific management theory, Henry Fayol came up with organizational principles, and max weber came up with bureaucracy theory (Hellriegel, 2010). The Scientific management theory states that there should be a scientific selection of the worker where every employee should be employed considering to his/her qualifications. It further notes that Labor and management in the institution should be utilized effectively by training and developing the employees to be in a position to hand le all the tasks in an organization (Titrek et al., 2014). The scientific management theory closes the loopholes of introducing stereotype in the selection and distribution of duties in an organization. The scientific employment virtues are applied across the board without any form of discrimination. The administrative theory outlines the various principles of management like planning where it was identified which work will be done and who will do it. The principle of staffing gives the recruitment procedure in the organization. Organizing principle is where specific tasks are assigned to a specific employee and also the allocation of working positions or duty stations. The Controlling principle outlines the goals of the standards and ensures that the goals are achieved (Pinder, 2014). The bureaucracy theory is applicable in an organizational setting in that it encourages specialization where each person concentrates on areas where one can be the best. It also advocates for democracy where every member of the organization has the right to an opinion. It is through Bureaucracy where rationality is promoted to allow general and definite criteria for decision making. The neoclassical theory denotes the behavior of people either individually or in groups. Neoclassical theory can be applied in the organizational setting as it exhibits the workgroup, individual and management participatory. This can help the employees to work in a group or individually, and the work will be done in an efficient way (Hellriegel, 2010). Neoclassical theories help to meet emotional needs of people, showing consideration to employees and satisfying their social needs. The Modern theory is relevant to organizational setting because it advocates for the assimilation of changes that occur with time in an organization and around its environment (Somech Drach-Zahavy, 2014). The modern theory mainly majors on the people's contribution to the organization either through technological innovation or environmental conservation. All these theories are geared towards helping people to work together, cooperate and be able to socialize with each other without any form of stereotypic discrimination. Work is divided among employees into what one is best. Workers are trained and can adapt to changes affecting the organization and be able to adapt to those changes (Eder Eisenberger, 2008). Stereotyping in an organization has both merits and demerits. Through stereotyping, the manager can be able to identify those employees who may not be performing as per the organizations requirements. Organizational behavior helps to learn about people and their behavior thus making it very easy to work with them. As organizations continue to grow and diversify, the challenges tend to intensify leading to low productivity. A good illustration can be demonstrated in circumstances where there is an employee- employee conflict or a conflict between an employee and a manager. These have always led to poor performance and hence low productivity (Greenberg, 2012). The challenge of team disagreement has been evident in many organization where a team fails to meet their set targets due to a disagreement among the team members. Managers and concerned leaders should always intervene and create a fair approach to resolving the issues before they escalate into uncontrollable levels. The inherent organizational challenges hurt its environment. The organization management has a vital role to intervene and resolve the various work-related issues before matters get out of the hand. This would also have a direct impact on its environment as the shock of the disputes and conflicts will not be felt (McShane Von Glinow, 2013). The intervening parties, the managers, ought to identify the cause of the problem and carry out an assessment to determine whether the dispute has had an impact on the environment. The managers (intervening parties) should consider applying the various dispute resolution mechanism including but not limited to brainstorming where the employees are invited to present their preferred alternatives. The best option is adopted and then implemented. Cultural, ethical and social concerns should be considered when making decisions. There are certain cultural activities or beliefs which cannot be changed and thus any attempt to interfere with them would eventually be rejected (Luthans et al., 2015). Every Organization has its culture. Every employee must respect the organizational culture which is in congruence with the social culture. There should be no conflict between the organizational culture and the social culture. Ethics being norms of a society or an organization should also be considered when making a decision (Coldwell Callaghan, 2013). These are the morals that govern a persons behavior. The process of decision making should be in a way that does not affect the social life of the people. There are emerging current developments in the organization behavior where analytic tools are formed. Factor analysis and Principle component analysis are helping in measuring the defined behavior parameters. This helps in knowing know the qualitative measure of the subject. Another trend that can be noted is globalization. The organizations activities are operationalized globally. People from different continents can interact without having to move to the location of the organization (Griffin Moorhead, 2011). The adoption of the emerging trend of business process outsourcing has been triggered by the challenge of meeting each customer need. Business process outsourcing creates a good working environment for people and also the flexibility of lifestyle perks. Business process outsourcing attracts young people with skills and high level of education. The aspect of stereotyping has not been effective in most organizations despite the fact that it has some positive contributions. This is evident when one gets into a relationship with someone from another community without knowing their beliefs. The primary challenge of stereotyping is that one can misjudge another person through making wrong assumptions through stereotyping (Olgun et al., 2009). Organizational behavior has become such an essential concept to people and organizations because it helps them to work together even though they are from different cultures. With specialization and division of labor, its sporadic to get people being discriminated in their work as opposed to the application of stereotypes. An organization which adopts organizational behavior setting as outlined in the various supportive theories tends to realize high production since there are minimal disputes and conflicts. This is because organization behavior promotes cooperation and strengthens the bondi ng relationship between the employees and the employers. References Bakker, A.B. and Schaufeli, W.B., (2008) Positive organizational behavior: Engaged employees in flourishing organizations. Journal of organizational behavior, 29(2), pp.147-154. Coldwell, D. and Callaghan, C., (2013) Specific Organizational Citizenship Behaviours and Organizational Effectiveness: The Development of a Conceptual Heuristic Device. Journal for the Theory of Social Behaviour, 44(3), pp.347-367. Eder, P. And Eisenberger, R., (2008) Perceived organizational support: Reducing the negative influence of coworker withdrawal behavior. Journal of Management, 34(1), pp.55-68. Greenberg, J., (2012) Managing behavior in organizations. Pearson Higher Ed. Greenberg, J., (2014) Behavior in Organizations: Global Edition. Pearson Higher Ed. Griffin, R.W. and Moorhead, G., (2011) Organizational behaviour. Ceng Hellriegel, D., (2010) Organizational behavior. Cengage Learning. Luthans, F., Luthans, B.C., and Luthans, K.W., (2015) Organizational Behavior: An evidence-based approach. IAP. Mcshane, S. And Von Glinow, M., (2013) Organizational Behavior. New York, New York: McGraw-Hill/Irwin. Age of Learning. Miner, J.B., (2015) Organizational behavior 1: Essential theories of motivation and leadership. Routledge. Olgun, D.O., Waber, B.N., Kim, T., Mohan, A., Ara, K., And Pentland, A., (2009) Sensible organizations: Technology and methodology for automatically measuring organizational behavior. IEEE Transactions on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics, Part B (Cybernetics), 39(1), pp.43-55. Organizational citizenship behavior: A relational perspective. Journal of applied psychology, 95(2), p.395. Pinder, C.C., (2014) Work motivation in organizational behavior. Psychology Press. Somech, A. and Drach-Zahavy, A., (2014) Exploring organizational citizenship behaviour from an organizational perspective: The relationship between organizational learning and organizational citizenship behaviour. Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 77(3), pp.281-298. Titrek, O., Polatcan, M., Zafer Gunes, D. and Sezen, G., (2014) The relationship among emotional intelligence (EQ), organizational justice (OJ), organizational citizenship behaviour (OCB). International Journal of Academic Research, 6(1), pp.213-220.

Preventing School Violence Essays - Behavior, Misconduct, Crime

Preventing School Violence The number of extremely violent crimes occurring in schools has been increasing over the last three years. Incidents that deal with school violence occur 16,000 per school day, which is equivalent to once every six seconds (Kipnis 11). School violence has been around since the1950's, but back then it was more an issue of juvenile delinquency than violent behavior (Baker 3). Crime in and around schools is threatening the well being of students, as well as the staff and surrounding communities. When looking at the urgent problem of school violence one must take into account several factors including the characteristics of the offender, the causes for the violence occurring, and the solution techniques. To act out violence, in school, against each other, is the common definition for school violence (Gerson 15). The characteristics of the offender play a great role in being able to prevent school violence. Parenting failure has been found to be the number one cause for the violence occurring in schools (Futrell 2). When students were polled in 2000, seventy-one percent stated that there was a lack of parental supervision in their homes (Futrell 5). Sixty-six percent of those polled also stated that there was little if any family involvement in their school activities (Futrell 5). Students who have been abused, neglected and/or received little support from a caring adult are extremely likely to show their frustrations with violence (Kipnis 2). The home life problems of students definitely contribute to school violence. Currently, fifty-seven percent of children under the age of ten have two working parents or a single parent, and more than ten million students return to empty homes ev eryday (Kipnis 19). Another factor that contributes to school violence is peer pressure (Volkoh 4). Thirty-four percent of students believed that school violence occurs because of peer pressure (Futrell 9). Peers of violent offenders believe that the offenders take place in the violent incidents to fit into a crowd and do not think about the repercussions (Baker 33). Peer pressure is the fastest growing factor contributing to school violence (Gerson 46). Another factor that has been found to contributing to violence occurring in schools is drugs and alcohol. When investigated, prevention groups found no variation in the convenience for students to access drugs and alcohol (Kipnis 73). Students with different family incomes, location, and different ethnic backgrounds had the same access (Kipnis 74). In the last two years the consumption of alcohol during a school violence incident has increased thirty-nine percent (Futrell 6). Society believes that violence occurs only in bad neighborhoods; this is false (Gerson 39). School violence has been found in all neighborhoods. In rural neighborhoods, school violence occurs ten percent of the time, occurs thirty percent in suburban schools, and occurs sixty percent in urban schools (Kipnis 69). Violence is also occurring at all school levels. It has been found that thirty percent of the violence occurs in elementary schools and seventy percent of the time occurs in secondary schools (Kipnis 70). School violence has also been found to occur more in males than females. Males are the victims of school violence eighty-three percent of the time and are the offenders ninety-four percent (Kipnis 4). With violence in schools rising, teachers and parents need to know what to look for in a violent offender. It has been shown that many violent offenders have the same characteristics and give many warning signs, but they go unnoticed (Baker 41). Characteristics that teachers and parents should look for in children are persistent disregard for or refusal to follow rules, lack of interest in school, absence of age-appropriate anger control skills, depression or mood swings, artwork or writing that is bleak or violent or that depicts isolation or anger, and self-isolation from family and friends (Futrell 5). School violence is also taking place with different types of weapons. Since 1997, an increase in guns being used to carry out violent acts in schools has increased three percent (Volokh 14). In 2000, it was shown that in violent acts in school, knives or razors were used fifty-five percent of the time, clubs or baseball bats twenty-five percent of the time, and firearms twenty percent of the time (Volkoh 11). Inner-city